Based on: Ji et al. (2021) DNABERT, Bioinformatics 37:2112; Zhou et al. (2023) DNABERT-2, ICLR 2024
Based on: Ji et al. (2021) DNABERT Fig. 3 UMAP; Dalla-Torre et al. (2023) Nucleotide Transformer, Nature Methods
Based on: Dalla-Torre et al. (2023) Nucleotide Transformer, Nature Methods; Ji et al. (2021) DNABERT, Bioinformatics 37:2112. Note: the "biological complexity score" axis is illustrative — actual layer-wise feature distributions are non-linear and model-dependent.